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Vaccination is the most important public health measure and means for the prevention and control of human infectious diseases. Intramuscular or subcutaneous injection is the most common form of vaccination that induces effective systemic immunity but provides weak mucosal immunity and is less effective in protecting some pathogens infected through mucosa. The ideal oral viral […]

Protein engineering is to obtain information about the physical and chemical properties and molecular properties of proteins through the study of protein chemistry, protein crystallography and protein dynamics, and on this basis, purposefully design and modify the genes encoding proteins, and obtain genetically modified organism systems that can express proteins through genetic engineering technology, which

Antagonists do not cause biological effects on their own after binding to the receptor, but block the receptor agonist-mediated effects. Antagonists can be divided into two classes based on whether they reversibly compete with agonists bound to receptors. Classify： From the perspective of distinguishing competitive antagonists from non-competitive antagonists, the effects of competitive antagonists can

About 2/1 of the world’s total annualCO2 emissions are fixed into organic matter by algae through photosynthesis. Compared with terrestrial higher plants, microalgae photosynthetic carbon sequestration has many unique advantages: firstly, microalgae photosynthesis efficiency is higher and the growth rate is faster than that of plants, and secondly, microalgae culture does not occupy arable land

Cell suspension culture technology refers to the large-scale and high-efficiency culture technology of animal cells used in biological products under artificial conditions through the use of bioreactors. With the continuous innovation and development of biotechnology, animal cell suspension culture technology has been widely used in the large-scale culture of viruses, which has very efficient production

Introduction： Auxin (Auxin), also known as indoleacetic acid, is one of the earliest discovered plant hormones and one of the most widely studied plant hormones, it is a class of endogenous hormones containing an unsaturated aromatic ring and an acetic acid side chain, which plays an important role in the process of plant growth and

Bacterial plasmid DNA (pDNA) is typically a small (80 kb on average) circular extrachromososomal DNA element that persistently and stably exists outside the chromosome in a free form, capable of semi-autonomous replication by recruiting host cell mechanisms, and can carry genes that help the host adapt to a new environment or genes that encode specific

Tetanus is an extremely serious acute infectious disease caused by Clostridium tetani invading the human body through skin or mucous membrane wounds, growing and multiplying locally in the wound and producing toxins. After Clostridium tetani enters the human body, it produces exotoxin with spasmodic toxicity and hemolytic toxicity. It is extremely toxic and can cause

Biological fermentation and its applications Fermentation generally refers to the process of using microorganisms to manufacture industrial raw materials or products. It is carried out by microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, etc.), organic matter (mainly carbohydrates), culture media, etc. under certain conditions such as temperature and pH. Fermentation is the earliest biochemical reaction that humans have come

Methods for controlling temperature in fermentation tanks   Temperature control principle The fermentation tank is a device specially used for microbial and yeast fermentation. Its main temperature control principle is to control the temperature by detecting the temperature inside the tank and adjusting the heat supply and heat dissipation inside the fermentation tank. Specifically, it